A scales

Explanations

Major - One of the most common scales, containing seven notes. The A Major scale are connected to the key of A, they contain the same notes.
Minor - One of the most common scales, containing seven notes. The A Minor scale are connected to the key of A Minor, they contain the same notes. A Minor is sometimes written as Am in shortened form. Sometimes written as Natural Minor to distinguish it from other Minor scale categories.
Melodic Minor - A Minor scale that differs from the Natural Minor by containing one instead of three flattened notes.
Harmonic Minor - A Minor scale that differs from the Natural Minor by containing two instead of three flattened notes.
Pentatonic Major - One of the two most common five-notes scales. Based on the regular Major scale, but with two omitted notes (the 4th and the 7th).
Pentatonic Minor - One of the two most common five-notes scales. Based on the natural Minor scale, but with two omitted notes (the 2nd and the 6th).
Blues - The par excellence scale choice for blues. Also referred to as the Pentatonic Minor Blues scale.
"Rock 'n' roll" - Pentatonic Major and Blues hybrid scale.
Ionian - The first mode of the Major scale.
Dorian - The second mode of the Major scale.
Phrygian - The third mode of the Major scale.
Lydian - The fourth mode of the Major scale.
Mixolydian - The fifth mode of the Major scale, also known as the Dominant scale.
Aeolian - The sixth mode of the Major scale, also referred to as the Minor scale.
Locrian - The seventh mode of the Major scale.
Dorian Bebop - Contains the notes as the Dorian mode plus a passing note.
Mixolydian Bebop - Contains the notes as the Mixolydian mode plus a passing note.
Whole Tone - An six-note symmetric scale, also known as the Augmented scale.
Half Whole Diminished - An eight-note symmetric scale, also known as the Dominant Diminished scale.
Whole Half Diminished - An eight-note symmetric scale, also known as the Fully Diminished scale.
Spanish - An eight-note scale, also known as the Spanish 8 Tones scale.
Gypsy Major - A seven-note scale, also known as the Spanish Gypsy scale and the Byzantine scale.
Gypsy Minor - A seven-note scale, also known as the Byzantine Minor scale.

Comparisons

A Major scale degrees and notes.

A Natural Minor scale degrees and notes.

A Melodic Minor scale degrees and notes.

A Harmonic Minor scale degrees and notes.